Global Warming

Global warming

Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans and its projected continuation. In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.^[2] Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are more than 90% certain most of it is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels.^[3][4][5][6] These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized countries.^[7][A]
Climate model projections are summarized in the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). They indicate that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 2.9 °C (2 to 5.2 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.4 to 6.4 °C (4.3 to 11.5 °F) for their highest.^[8] The ranges of these estimates arise from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations.
An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, and a probable expansion of subtropical deserts.^[11] Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and would be associated with continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects of the warming include more frequent occurrence of extreme weather events including heatwaves, droughts and heavy rainfall events, species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes, and changes in crop yields. Warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe, with projections being more robust in some areas than others.^[12] In a 4 °C world, the limits for human adaptation are likely to be exceeded in many parts of the world, while the limits for adaptation for natural systems would largely be exceeded throughout the world. Hence, the ecosystem services upon which human livelihoods depend would not be preserved.^[13]
Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),^[14] whose ultimate objective is to prevent "dangerous" anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) climate change.^[15] Parties to the UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions^{[16]:10[17][18][19]:9} and to assist in adaptation to global warming.^{[16]:13[19]:10[20][21]} Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required,^[22] and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.^[22][B] Analyses by the United Nations Environment Programme (published in 2011)^[23] and International Energy Agency (2011)^[24] suggest that current efforts to reduce emissions may be inadequately stringent to meet the UNFCCC's 2 °C target.